The website for Stanford University’s Computer Science 101 contains lecture notes and interactive JavaScript exercises, and is available for free to the public. The exercises can be completed within the browser.
The technology used to create the in-browser exercises is discussed here.
The course material includes lessons on:
- An introduction to code
- Images and image reading code
- For loops
- If statements
- Computer hardware
- Software development
- Ethernet packets, TCP/IP and routing
- HTML and other Web technologies
- Structured table data
- Loop nesting
- Digital media
- Analog vs. digital signals
- Computer security
- The economics of technology
MIT also has open courseware for its Python-based Introduction to Computer Science and Programming available here.
The HTML version of the book Eloquent JavaScript also provides an interactive, Web-based introduction to computer science and JavaScript. You can find more resources for learning JavaScript here.